Crisis Management Online Banking Security Breach

Chapter by chapter guide Intermediate/refreshing proclamation The question and answer session The CEO’s discourse References Footnotes Following the unverified bits of gossip about an internet banking security break two days back, which turmoil in the national press, the organization might want to give this explanation that shows the company’s stand. As an organization we might want to express that the security penetrate is unverified and the bank can't affirm these reports yet. At the giving of this announcement, what is known is that there are gives an account of the break yet how much, is yet to be known[1].Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Crisis Management: Online Banking Security Breach explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The bank’s top managerial staff is holding gatherings and alternate courses of action are being attracted to attempt to moderate the current circumstance. Correspondence channels focused at the different crowds will be indicated when the first round of data is gotten. The bank might want to guarantee its clients that there is no requirement for dread and that its notoriety will in any case be kept up. Prompt move is being made to get to the base of this and a security review group is being collected at the moment[2]. We as an organization comprehend the requirement for data right now however might want to request persistence as we attempt to take a shot at finding the issue and its answers. Thusly the bank might want to demand for resistance and tolerance, and it will do all that it can to guarantee that the media receive’s customary and exact updates. Also, the bank wishes to run a PR crusade (with prompt impact) to strengthen the brand and to guarantee clients that they can unquestionably profit all current banking services[3]. Middle of the road/refreshing articulation We might want as an organization to affirm that an online security penetrate occurred however we are not exactly sure how much. This goes ahead the setting of our underlying articulation two days prior that discredited the bits of gossip that were being flowed. We might want to explain that around then, they were unsubstantiated reports and no genuine solid data was accessible to either affirm or recognize the security penetrate. Notwithstanding the underlying proclamation, the negative media consideration given to the organization, and developing worries from our buyers, customers, partners and people in general all in all, the organization has willingly volunteered to get to the base of this and discover the specific circumstance and its suggestions to the bank’s business and administration provision[4]. This announcement comes after wide conferences and we might want to alleviate the feelings of trepidation that are developing among our dependable customer base, that the bank is as yet capable and will keep on offering the administrations it has been offering since it starte d. With this impact we might want to ask the media and every single important gathering to try going to the public interview booked for tomorrow around lunchtime where more data will be benefited to you[5]. At the hour of giving this announcement the bank’s directorate has just made a move and started a security review of the bank’s data innovation framework which in spite of the fact that will require significant investment, will help in revealing insight to the degree of the break. Data will be continually profited when it is gotten and affirmed by the bank.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization might likewise want to request that the media affirm any data they have with the organization before they go to press with it. The bank wishes to thank each one of those that are working vigorously to reveal this penetrate and might want to g uarantee its clients that everything is leveled out and that their individual records are protected and that any fake exercises will be productively and adequately managed with[6]. The question and answer session The planned public interview to happen tomorrow around lunchtime will concentrate on mollifying fears of an emergency inside the financial administrations. During the question and answer session a work area will be set in the mood for dealing with any enquires from concerned clients, and the bank’s client relations will attempt to give however much data as could be expected. There will be addresses from the bank’s CEO on the circumstance and moves that have been made to discover what precisely is going on[7]. There will be an inquiry and answer meeting toward the finish of the CEO’s discourse that will be dealt with by the company’s security division. The reactions will be reported and made accessible to all media associations toward the finish o f the question and answer session. To beware of error of realities, demands for one-on-one inquiries, ought to be submitted before the beginning of the public interview and this will be taken care of just by the bank’s CEO, who is the main approved individual to talk for the benefit of the bank[8]. All specialists to the public interview will be furnished with a press unit that subtleties all the bank’s activities and the data that is close by. The area of the question and answer session will be at the bank’s primary central command, this will help secure the bank’s believed notoriety consistently and work to fix any potential harm brought about by the unsubstantiated gossipy tidbits and media distributions. Solicitations to the public interview will be conveyed ahead of time with the goal that all welcomed visitors can set themselves up. Furthermore, a subsequent will be made continually by the bank’s advertising division, and more data will be gi ven when it emerges[9]. The CEO’s discourse As you are for the most part mindful, there are unsubstantiated reports going round that we have endured a web based financial security break coming about to a few unverified reports in the papers and an examination being completed. The security review of the bank’s data innovation framework that is in progress will set aside some effort to reveal the real circumstance however I might want to guarantee you that we would like to reveal reality and make some comprehend from this marvel observes us. I might want to accentuate that the bank and every one of its auxiliaries and the brand all in all is still and will stay a significant player in the financial business and this circumstance ought not at all influence your impression of this bank.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Crisis Management: Online Banking Security Breach explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As an organization, it is with o utright certainty that I guarantee you that this little glitch will have no effect at all on the administrations gave by the bank. I believe in my representatives and workforce that things will go on as easily as they were previously. I might want to energetically ask every one of our accomplices, the partners, investors, our customers and clients and all that are either legitimately or in a roundabout way associated with us to manage with us right now as we attempt to discover the specific circumstance and its suggestions. I might want to repeat that we are not exactly certain about the degree of the security penetrate and data on the continuous examination/review and some other pertinent data will be made accessible through our advertising office to every important gathering when we have a thought of what we are managing. I might want to ask the media not to distribute unverified reports before checking their legitimacy with the organization first and along these lines; we will al l abstain from falling into frenzy and settling on impulsive choices. With that I might want to thank all of you for turning up at this question and answer session and indicating your help. References Goel, S, Crisis Management: Master The Skills To Prevent Disasters. Worldwide India Publications, New Delhi, 2009. Johnston, J, Zawawi, C, Public Relations: Theory and Practice. third ed. Allen Unwin, Crowns Nest, 2009. Lewis, GW, Organizational emergency the executives: the human factor. Auerbach Publications, New York, 2006. Wilcox, D, Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics. eighth ed, Boston, 2006.Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Commentaries GW Lewis, Organizational emergency the board: the human factor. Auerbach Publications, New York, 2006. J Johnston, C Zawawi, Public Relations: Theory and Practice. third ed. Allen Unwin, Crowns Nest 2009. S Goel, Crisis Management: Master The Skills To Prevent Disasters. Worldwide India Publications, New Delhi, 2009. D Wilcox, Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics. eighth ed, Boston, 2006. GW Lewis, Organizational emergency the board: the human factor. Auerbach Publications, New York, 2006. J Johnston, C Zawawi, Public Relations: Theory and Practice. third ed. Allen Unwin, Crowns Nest 2009. D Wilcox, Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics. eighth ed, Boston, 2006. J Johnston C Zawawi, Public Relations: Theory and Practice. third ed. Allen Unwin, Crowns Nest 2009. S Goel, Crisis Management: Master The Skills To Prevent Disasters. Worldwide India Publications, New Delhi, 2009. This exposition on Crisis Management: Online Banking Security Breach was composed and presented by client Eddie Bradshaw to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Nuclear Iran, Anxious Israel

Presentation Although Iran’s atomic program despite everything stays one of the most vexing international strategy challenges going up against the universal network, researchers and political observers despite everything holds the sentiment that this issue could on a very basic level reshape the vital scene of the Middle East all in all and Israel specifically (Grotto, 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Nuclear Iran, Anxious Israel explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the interim, this discussion is progressively encapsulated both by mounting negativity about whether the discretionary endeavors and monetary approvals initiated by Western nations can in reality keep Iran from getting atomic arms stockpile, and by invigorated positive thinking that the implications of an atomic outfitted Iran are controllable (Edelman et al, 2011). As has been shown in the article â€Å"Nuclear Iran, Anxious Israel†, the contention exemplifi ed by Iran’s atomic aspirations is expecting new directions, yet not a single suitable answer for the stalemate is by all accounts seen (The Economist, 2011). It is the motivation behind this paper to break down the above named article so as to introduce a very much contended and instructive conclusion on the Israel-Iran strife and its suggestions for the Middle East. Rundown of the Article The article, â€Å"Nuclear Iran, Anxious Israel†, shows convincing proof that Iran is still effectively engaged with creating atomic weapons and this Islamic country could undoubtedly have at any rate one useful weapon inside a year’s time from now in the event that it quits the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). As confirmed by insight sources, â€Å"†¦Iran has just started moving piece of its uranium-improvement ability to Fordow, an office covered profound inside a mountain in Qom† (The Economist, 2011, para. 2). The article is likewise evident that while Iran utilizes questionable tirades in its discussion of atomic weapons advancement, the big bosses in Israel knows truly well that the acknowledgment of an atomic outfitted Iran will never be to the greatest advantage of Israel however conclusion is as yet partitioned on whether and how to rope in Iran with the goal of halting its atomic desire. The article likewise brings into the image the universal network, especially the United States, and endeavors to depict how various situations may happen later on should Iran proceed to create atomic weapons store or in the outcome that Israel dispatches preemptive strikes on Iran’s atomic offices trying to demoralize further atomic development.Advertising Looking for exposition on global relations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Either way, the article is straight out that there is have to move toward the Israel-Iran strife calmly and practice restriction if a feasible answer for the contention is to be discovered (The Economist, 2011). Investigation of the Main Points Perhaps one of the primary concerns that come out plainly from the article is that governmental issues, more than Iran’s specialized and modern abilities, may decide if the nation and its political class will decide to create atomic weapons (The Economist, 2011). Here, we have to assess the starting points and ramifications of the contention to comprehend why legislative issues rather that abilities educate the plausible directions regarding the contention. In assessing the causes of the Israel-Iran struggle, especially as far as recorded, strict, political and social aspects of the issue, banter has been going that Iran is dominatingly constrained by strict hardliners harrowed with a messianic energy whose significant target isn't to maintain their naturally mastery over the Iranian state, yet to quicken the arrival of the Mahdi (Bon-Meir, 2010). This, as per Grotto (2009), must be â€Å"†¦accomplished by destroying Israel, taking up arms against heathens, and planting chaos† (p. 47). This specific creator further sets that it is this strict feelings that have impelled the present Iranian pioneers, Including President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, toward a finish of-days situation where they immovably accept that the cost for Iran might be national suffering, for which its losses will be overwhelmingly remunerated in the hereafter, while survivors will everlastingly appreciate the kindness and altruism of the brought Mahdi back. This assessment is maybe most compactly explained â€Å"†¦by Israel’s head administrator, Benjamin Netanyahu, in a March 2009 meeting for The Atlantic, where he cautions that Iran is ready to turn into a messianic prophetically catastrophic faction controlling nuclear bombs† (Grotto, 2009, p. 47). This may unequivocally be the motivation behind why, as per the article, the head administrator is fronting for Israe l to attempt preemptive assaults on Iran atomic offices to conclusively manage the dread of a religious political system that grasps the Shia strict custom of affliction (The Economist, 2011; Silverstein, 2010). In assessing the land repercussions, Grotto (2009) takes note of that â€Å"†¦a atomic arms stockpile would empower Iran’s authority to discourage ordinary military dangers, in this manner lessening the capacity of its primary military adversaries, Israel and the United States, to extend customary military control over it† (p. 45).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Nuclear Iran, Anxious Israel explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political experts are of the assessment that such a game plan would work to the benefit of Iran since it will undoubtedly give the nation some influence to start and indict restricted territorial clashes against the Jewish province of Israel, different nations in the Middle East, and the Unit ed States powers sent in the area (Grotto, 2009). This perspective has been very much expounded by the writers of the article, who propose that because of the little geological size of Israel, even a minor atomic assault could demonstrate terrible to its own reality (The Economist, 2011). Conclusion The writers of this article, in my view, expect a center ground that gives no predictable answer for the current contention. This is justifiable thinking about the extent of the current issues and the unpredictability of the outside relations between the nations that have just been sucked into the entanglement. As has been noted by Edelman et al (2011), it is the assessment of numerous researchers and political pundits that assaulting Iran may not be the best answer for Israel considering the strict fundamentalism and political influence previously examined in this paper. However, a contention of this nature needs to have unmistakable arrangements, which are explained underneath. The wri ters of the article appropriately contend that â€Å"the contentions against an assault [against Iran] are as yet overpowering, in any event, for Israel† (The Economist, 2011, para. 5). The reasons given for taking this perspective are fluctuated, including the way that a focused on preemptive assault on Iran’s atomic offices would even now just postpone the Islamic State, not stop it. It is likewise obvious that the monetary repercussions for making such a move could be disastrous. Notwithstanding, a cautious examination of writing managing the contention exhibits that it is indiscreet to intimate that the Obama organization should keep adopting a laid back strategy on the issues as recommended by the writers of the article. For sure, the United States must keep up their dynamic job in the contention by explicitly expressing that they are prepared to help Israel to â€Å"†¦contain Iran regardless of whether it built up an atomic armory by building up clear redli nes that Tehran would not be permitted to cross without taking a chance with some sort of retaliation† (Edelman, 2011, p. 45).Advertising Searching for paper on worldwide relations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More For example, the United States should clarify that it will be constrained to react if Iran utilizes its atomic arms stockpile for reasons other than power age, moves them to an outsider, attacks Israel, or expands its help for fear based oppressor systems, for example, Hamas, Al Qaeda, and Hezbollah. The writers of the article propose that the global network should seek after a multi-swarmed strategy in managing the Israel-Iran struggle, to be specific: â€Å"†¦pushing sanctions, from one viewpoint, and getting ready for an atomic equipped Iran on the other† (The Economist, 2011, para. 6). However, as recommended by Grotto (2006), monetary and political endorses on Iran appears not to have accomplished a lot and it appears they never will, halfway because of the financial muscle of the nation because of its oil assets and somewhat because of nations, for example, Russia and China, who have would not bolster the UN Security chamber in forcing harder authorizes on Iran. How ever, the writers of the article neglect to give a guide of how Israel and the West can live with an atomic outfitted Iran if Tehran neglects to bend in to supported assents. Without a doubt, the point of view that Tehran will yield to continued authorizations, in my view, is excessively energetic by ideals of the way that it lays on the sketchy assumptions that financial approvals will inarguably evoke or incite alert and limitation with respect to Iranian political and strict pioneers. The best wager in the present conditions, it appears, is to get ready living with an atomic equipped Iran. The writers of the article are of the supposition that Iran ought to be seen as a worldwide outsider should it neglect to stop its uranium improvement program. Likewise, the creators contend that the worldwide network ought push for harder authorizations, however they ought to likewise step up the undercover activity to disturb Iran’s atomic offices (The Economist,

Waitlist Questions

Waitlist Questions The waitlist seems to be a hot topic so Ill try to answer the most common questions here (with help from Dean Marilee) 1) How many people will MIT take from the waitlist? Is it true that you havent taken any from the waitlist in the past few years? Should I even bother staying on? We wont know how many folks well be taking from the waitlist until the middle of May, after weve received and processed the responses from admitted students. While it is true that we havent taken anyone from the waitlist in the past few years, we admitted very few this year (due to the overenrollment of previous years) and thus it is more likely that this year will have some waitlist admits. Whether you stay on the list or not is a personal decision the answer to question #2 may help you to decide. 2) How does it work? Dont I have to let other colleges know by May 1? Is it ethical? You do need to let other colleges know by May 1, and you should make sure that you have a place to enroll next year other than MIT in case you dont get in off the waitlist. Those colleges will likely require a deposit to secure your spot. If you get into MIT later in May, and choose to come, you will likely forfeit your deposit at the other school. Schools understand that this scenario is a part of the process, and it is perfectly ethical. (Losing the desposit is a bummer, but worth it if you really want to be here.) 3) Is the list ranked? No, not in any way. 4) What can I do to help my chances? The best thing you can do is simply to stay in touch, so that we know youre still interested. Write, call, email, whatever just let us know what youve been up to and why you really want to be here.

My College and Career choices - 500 Words

My College and Career choices My three college choices are University of Florida, University of Seattle and Ohio University. Each of these colleges have good qualities for my careers. I’m not very sure what exactly I want to have a career in. Two of my main choices are veterinarian or child care. Some of my concerns are the distance, cost of tuition, the quality of the program, and the recreation at the colleges. University of Florida is my first choice. The tuition for my enrollment would be $6,270. With this college there are 16 programs for this university. For each semester you need to have 15 credits. To get in to this college you are based on scholarships and on academic achievement and you must have a 3.0 GPA or†¦show more content†¦Some of these are team sports for basketball, football and more. They also have an amazing band. Ohio State is very close to home. and is in state. I talked about how I wasn’t really sure what I wanted to do as my career. I thought of either child care or veterinarian. Job requirements for child care are you have to be able to take act in a emergency situation. You need to be able to connect with kids and show them you care. This is a very social job too. Working conditions for this job could be outside, inside, at home, at a day care, or in a school. The job requirements for a veterinarian is you need the skills. You need to have passion for animals, you need business skills, and social skills. The working conditions for this job can be in a clinic and/or outside. This job can be a traveling job, such as farms or other homes. The salary for child care can range from $45,000 to 116,000. The salary range for a veterinarian is from $49,000 to $113,000. These are really good paying jobs that could really provide enough for me. The benefits for child care are you get to interact with kids and connect to them on another level. The benefits for veterinarian are interacting with animals and to help their needs and stay alive. These are to good supporting jobs. There are more and more clinics for vets and children. I feel I will probably end up working for someone close and then try to start my own business in Florida. Both of theseShow MoreRelatedMy Career Choice For College1094 Words   |  5 PagesAfter high school, students in the United States have various career choices to choose from. College is a place composed of numerous facets and activities, which offer a variety of avenues for the career-minded to explore, while offering growth and opportunities for advancement. A fine career choice for students to pursue in college in is marketing: planning, directing, and the coordination of marketing policies and programs. Marketing dates back to 1450, when Gutenberg’s metal movable type productionRead MoreMy College and Career Choices Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthat question. 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There are numerous careers and colleges to choose from; however, a student can only choose one. Unlike the majority of my classmates, my career ideas switched, what seemed like, every month. The beginning of my senior year I had a full ride scholarship to Cowley County Community College, but I was already dead set on attending Wichita State to be a nurse, following in my mother’s footsteps. AfterRead MoreCollege And Career Research Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesCollege and Career Research Essay By, Darien Carson The future; after high school, after college, the future is a later time period that will happen in one’s life. For my future I plan to attend college and later become an engineer. College is one of the best choices available for high school graduates to ensure a successful future. Colleges offer specialized learning that when attended can open many opportunities. 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Adam Smith And Andrew Carnegie And The Gospel Of Wealth

The continuous disparity of wealth and income can cause constant economic problems within a society. Although it is not apparent all the time, there are few benefits of discrepancy itself such as individual wealth, capital, and labor. Both Smith and Carnegie have distinct beliefs about wealth that differentiate from one another, yet are similar in certain ways. Adam Smith confined all his ideas about the common man in his â€Å"Wealth of Nations†. Whereas, in the â€Å"Gospel of Wealth,† Andrew Carnegie had distinct beliefs about the effects of capitalism . All in all, economic conditions of the 21st century still date back to previous years and signify the importance of economic competition. Andrew Carnegie address issues of wealth inequality and†¦show more content†¦Smith was very much concerned with the welfare of the community and created The Wealth of Nations, to put forth most of his economic ideas, that are still considered today. The message Adam Smith alleged was that since people satisfied their own self needs, then the economy would work affectively. For example, â€Å"When people look to their own self-interests, they contribute unintentionally, by means of an invisible hand , to the welfare of society† (Smith 281). Smith talks about the invisible hand as a guiding tool towards supply and demand within a society and argued the division of labor generates wealth not just for that one person but for the nation as a whole. By selling products that are in demand, for the purpose of earning money people are engaging in within their enterprises. Additionally, the more demands, the more people want to invest, the more people need to work, the harder it is to find a job when the economy is at a low. Today, the invisible-hand theory is often guides free markets and capitalism in the direction of efficiency, through supply and demand and competition for scarce resources. Another significant contribution to a government is Capitol because profit determines wealth which can assist an economy to grow bigger and better. Andrew Carnegie acknowledged the unequal effects of the laissez faire system of capitalism through The Gospel of Wealth. Carnegie thought that a government should have little to noShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx, Adam Smith, And Andrew Carnegie1350 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie The writings of Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie all made significant impacts in society not only in their time, but continuing to this day. Marx shared is opinions on capitalism and his views of the progression of human society in his writing, The Communist Manifesto which he wrote with Friedrich Engles and published in 1848. Marx believed in the idea of a society with no capitalism and the abolition of the bourgeoisie. 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Adam Smith’s passage, Of the Natural Progress of Opulence, similarly, includes a reciprocal relationship of production between the town and country. Unlike the other essays, Marx’s, Communist Manifesto, debunksRead MoreBig Business vs. Labor, 1870-19254685 Words   |  19 Pagesresponse to the exploitation of monopolistic big business owners such as John Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, laborers formed labor unions in attempts to gain political momentum and achieve reforms in labor. At first, the government sought to interfere minimally in the af fairs of the powerful corporations and maintain a laissez faire economy. Theories such as Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth and Adam Smiths invisible hand attempted to justify the lack of government interference. After muchRead MoreApush Chp17 Notes2924 Words   |  12 Pagesproducer. 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Understanding management control systems and strategy Kim Langfield-Smith v vii xi 1 20 42 69 92 117 146 166 198 217 243 x CONTENTS 12. Management accounting, operations, and network relations: debating the lateral dimension Jan Mouritsen and Allan Hansen 13. Trends in budgetary control and responsibility

Excerpt “On Nonconformity” from Shape of Content by Ben Shahn Free Essays

â€Å"Nonconformity is the basic pre-condition of art, as it is the pre-condition of good thinking and therefore of growth and greatness in a people†¦conformity is derived from the wholly venal business of catering to a popular market† (The Shape of Content, Ben Shahn). This piece of writing speaks of how the general public is in love with works of art, yet at the same time loathes the artists that created them, merely for being a little different than the norm. If art was about â€Å"cookie-cutter† design, then according to the eading, we should all be living in a place similar to Soviet Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on Excerpt â€Å"On Nonconformity† from Shape of Content by Ben Shahn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yes, it is extremely important to lift up and honor the Working Man, but it is wrong to tear apart art movements due to government, religion, sex, race, creed and so on. Art is something which comes from the soul and nonconformity helps to rip these few individualists away from the so-called commoners. Nonconformists explain reality in a way in which is hardly ever described properly. Truthfully. Why over so many years in history were nonconformists persecuted? Did the witch burning public run out of actual threats like invasion from a foreign country or the economy, or health care? Still the artist (nonconformist) pushes forward and creates despite the enterprise of trials and tribunals. A favored line was about a modern day politician that tried to have a design on a boat sail made illegal, yet it turned out to be a legal design created and copyrighted for the Los Angeles Yacht Club. How to cite Excerpt â€Å"On Nonconformity† from Shape of Content by Ben Shahn, Papers

An Open Letter to Ninth Graders free essay sample

I am one of the co-editors of What Is â€Å"College-Level† Writing? —a 2006 collection of essays that focuses on the difference between high school writing and college-level writing. Because of my work on that book, I’ve spent a great deal of time in the last five years thinking about what students need to make the transition from high school to college. Many studies and reports in recent years have argued that there’s an important â€Å"expectations gap† between the skills students are typically bringing to college and what college teachers like me think students should be bringing with them to college. This letter is an attempt to state those expectations clearly, at least from my perspective. I offer you my advice and encouragement as you embark on your high school career because I think there’s a lot that you can do on your own to get ready for college. A good place to start is with some advice from Stephen Covey’s book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People: â€Å"Begin with the end in mind. † I am advising you to set clear and specific long-term goals for yourself and then work incrementally over a period of time to meet them. I would like to provide you here with a number of specific goals that you can work toward over the next four years. Let’s begin with perhaps the most fundamental of all college-readiness skills— reading. Reading Reading comprehension, as measured by standardized tests like the SAT and the ACT, is certainly an essential college-level skill. Students in college are required to read an enormous amount of material across a formidable range of disciplines, and college students must be able to understand and engage with this material thoughtfully. Reading is a foundational skill that makes success possible in virtually all areas of your college education. Strong reading comprehension skills, though, do not in themselves guarantee that you are ready for college. The best college students I’ve worked with over the years have had a number of other reading-related strengths in addition to strong comprehension skills, and I would like to briefly outline them for you here. Remember, you have four years to work on these. Students who are ready for college like to read. If you don’t like to read, you are going to find college very difficult. Students who are ready for college have read some good books as well as some important books while they were in high school. I’m not suggesting that you need to follow any particular or prescriptive reading list, like the one that literary critic E. D. Hirsch includes, for example, in Cultural Literacy. But a high school student who is ready for college should have some sense of our shared intellectual and cultural history, as well as at least some exposure to work outside the Western cultural tradition. A high school student who is ready for college should be able to recognize and respond in some thoughtful way to, say, a reference in a lecture toKing Lear. Ideally, a student ready for college would have some visceral sense of what Lear feels like as a dramatic experience and as a point of reference in our common heritage. The same can be said about the book of Job, Toni Morrison’sThe Bluest Eye, Cervantes’s Don Quixote, Willa Cather’s My Antonia, Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, and Richard Rodriguez’s Hunger of Memory, among others. Students who are ready for college read for pleasure. Reading is not something that a student who is ready for college always associates with â€Å"work,† â€Å"discomfort,† â€Å"inconvenience,† or â€Å"pain. † Students who are ready for college enjoy reading. Being able to enjoy reading is often the result of a long engagement with books and the written word that cannot be replaced by â€Å"cramming† or taking special college preparatory classes. The students whom I have found to be most ready for college have loved books and loved to read. If you don’t love to read, you will probably be confused and frustrated while at college. Reading is perhaps the most paradigmatic activity of a liberal arts education. It is where learning begins at college. You have four years to learn to love to read. Writing Strong writing skills are, of course, essential to college success. As a longtime composition instructor, I know that there are many things that high school students can do to become strong writers. First of all, you should expect any piece of serious writing to require considerable effort. Students who are ready for college routinely plan to produce multiple drafts of essays; expect to read and reread assigned texts; expect to think and rethink key ideas they are exploring in their essays; and routinely ask friends, family members, tutors, and professors for feedback about their work. High school students who are ready for college know that good writing does not get produced without considerable effort, and they are willing to make that effort. Most of the time they do such work enthusiastically. Students who are ready for college come to college interested in learning how to become better writers. Many of the most problematic students I’ve encountered in my teaching career come to college unable or unwilling to believe that they have anything left to learn as writers. (I’ve been writing seriously now for about thirty years, and I’m still actively looking for ways to become a better writer. ) Students should come to college with the understanding that they have a great deal to gain from listening to their professors as they discuss and evaluate their written work. In fact, students who are ready for college understand that this is where much of the most important learning in college takes place. A whole range of behavioral and attitudinal qualities are also essential to anyone who hopes to be a successful college-level writer. English professor Kathleen McCormick described these qualities memorably in an online exchange among contributors to What Is â€Å"College-Level† Writing? Commenting on an essay by Kim Nelson—a student whose contribution to the volume described the process of completing a college-level essay on J. R. R. Tolkien—McCormick wrote, Let’s begin by listing many of the skills with which Kim entered college. I think they should be divided into two types: behavior skills and writing skills. Behavioral skills are not exclusive to college-level writing, but without them, it is hard to achieve anything, and they are skills that few of us articulate as explicitly as Kim does, so I think they deserve to be underscored: Work through â€Å"panic† and refuse to procrastinate. Pace yourself to work on assignments for an extended period of time. Find others to help you (parents, teachers, friends at dinner, tutors at the writing center). Recognize that a critique by a professor, while initially disheartening, is helpful. Initiate repeated visits to the professor. Value intellectual work and collaboration and validation more than the grade. Brainstorm in note form. â€Å"Bang out† an outline and critique it. Choose quotations. Develop a thesis. Transfer writing skills learned in high school to the college situation. Maintain sensitivity to language use. Reread texts you plan to write about; underline. Do library research. Listen to multiple levels of textual analysis. Rewrite and revise your thesis and writing. Thinking I would advise you to seek out classes and learning experiences that challenge you. Research is beginning to show us that the brain responds in very powerful and positive ways to cognitive challenges. Don’t limit yourself to subjects or activities that are familiar or easy. Students who are ready for college bring with them a curiosity about ideas and an interest in encountering new ways of looking at the world. In fact, one of the reasons they come to college in the first place is to expand their minds, to encounter new ideas and perspectives, and to grow. High school students who are ready for college have genuine curiosity about the world and the people in it. Do you? Listening Listening is a vastly undervalued and underappreciated skill in our culture. Strong listening skills (and the patience and empathy that make listening possible) will be enormously valuable to you in all areas of your life, in college and beyond. Listening skills will certainly help you move toward a more open and welcoming engagement with the world and with others. Strong listening skills also make possible healthy, positive, respectful human relationships. Much of college success depends on establishing strong working relationships with professors, college staff, and fellow students. Such relationships are built, of course, with strong listening skills. Students who are unable to listen are typically unable to learn, for all the obvious reasons. Good listeners bring to any interaction with others a number of important qualities, including patience, empathy, personal generosity, emotional intelligence, and respect for others. Good listeners are also able to suspend an interest in themselves and focus instead in respectful ways on what others think and feel. Students who are ready for college have done some of the important personal work that makes this possible. Listening is a skill, like many others, that improves with practice, and one can become a better listener simply by endeavoring to be one. â€Å"Grit† â€Å"Grit† is another quality that is vitally important for college readiness. Researchers who use this term suggest that it includes self-discipline, perseverance, and passion. As psychologists Angela Duckworth and Martin Seligman note in their recent essay â€Å"Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,† grit appears to be at least as important to academic success as IQ or â€Å"smarts. † In fact, all high school students should hear what Duckworth and Seligman have to say about self-discipline: Underachievement among American youth is often blamed on inadequate teachers, boring textbooks, and large class sizes. We suggest another reason for students falling short of their intellectual potential: their failure to exercise self-discipline. . . . We believe that many of America’s children have trouble making choices that require them to sacrifice short-term pleasure for long-term gain, and that programs that build self-discipline may be the royal road to building academic achievement. Any student is capable of bringing a quality of joyfulness to their work at college, and the same can be said for the qualities of selfdiscipline, perseverance, and passion. Without these qualities, students can only be considered ready to be bored, lost, angry, or confused at college. Attitude Toward College Drinking, socializing, and taking reckless advantage of â€Å"freedom† on campus lead many students to squander their time at college. I’ve seen many young men and women trapped in a protracted adolescence that often lasts well into their late teens, early twenties, and beyond. As teachers, we want students to have a youthful spirit (however old they may be), but we also want them to bring maturity to the college enterprise. Some students, usually as a result of difficult life experience, arrive at college with such maturity. But many do not. In my experience, mature students are often able to engage with college in very productive ways. Those who do not bring such maturity, however, typically cannot. Such students often find themselves confused or angry or without any real direction. You also need to understand that the chance to attend college is an opportunity of incalculable value. Because many students take this opportunity for granted, I recommend that community service be a required part of every high school student’s preparation for college. Community service is an excellent way for you to begin building a balanced and mature perspective on life. Such a perspective will be invaluable to you when you attend college. Determining Readiness I have developed a checklist of the college-readiness skills described in this article. You can use this practical document to track your progress in high school and ensure that you are ready for college by the time you graduate. Visit here to view and print the checklist. Remember: you have four years to develop the skills that you will need to succeed in college. Patrick Sullivan teaches English at Manchester Community College in Connecticut. He is the editor, with Howard Tinberg, of What Is â€Å"College-Level† Writing? Reading Comprehension questions: Answer the questions below using evidence from the text in your responses where aplicable. Each response should be no less then four sentences.